{"id":10191,"date":"2020-05-29T10:07:02","date_gmt":"2020-05-29T15:07:02","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/liceaga.facmed.unam.mx\/revistas\/masalud\/?p=10191"},"modified":"2020-05-29T10:07:10","modified_gmt":"2020-05-29T15:07:10","slug":"que-es-un-virus","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/massalud.facmed.unam.mx\/index.php\/que-es-un-virus\/","title":{"rendered":"\u00bfQu\u00e9 es un virus?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Un virus<\/strong> es un par\u00e1sito intracelular obligado, que depende de la maquinaria celular para poderse replicar y producir nuevos virus. Tienen diversas caracter\u00edsticas del genoma, que les permite ser clasificados y estudiados. Por ejemplo, los virus contienen genomas de DNA o de RNA, con una simple cadena o doble y este puede ser lineal o circular, estar o no segmentado entre otras caracter\u00edsticas. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Los virus tienen propiedades din\u00e1micas, por lo que podr\u00edamos consid\u00e9ralos como entidades enigm\u00e1ticas que est\u00e1n en los l\u00edmites de lo vivo (cuando est\u00e1n en una c\u00e9lula hu\u00e9sped) y lo inanimado (cuando est\u00e1n fuera), es decir, necesitan de otro organismo para replicarse y producir nuevas part\u00edculas virales. De hecho, existen grandes controversias de si un virus puede ser considerado un ser vivo o no. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

En los \u00faltimos a\u00f1os la investigaci\u00f3n en la virolog\u00eda ha permitido comprender algunos aspectos importantes de la evoluci\u00f3n biol\u00f3gica. Se sugiere que su evoluci\u00f3n<\/strong> ha sido un proceso paralelo con el de las c\u00e9lulas que infectan. Han habitado el mundo desde sus inicios y tienen un papel muy importante para el planeta, su clima y la vida en \u00e9l. Por ejemplo, algunos virus marinos matan a su hu\u00e9sped y contribuyen as\u00ed al ciclo del carb\u00f3n. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Se encuentran en todos los ecosistemas y tienen un papel central en la evoluci\u00f3n de la vida<\/strong> en la tierra, intercambiando material gen\u00e9tico, como en la invenci\u00f3n del DNA y algunas prote\u00ednas y enzimas que intervienen en \u00e9ste y los mecanismos de su replicaci\u00f3n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La entrada de los virus a las c\u00e9lulas hu\u00e9sped, depende de un reconocimiento espec\u00edfico por medio de algunas prote\u00ednas de la superficie viral con mol\u00e9culas (receptores celulares) en su c\u00e9lula blanco. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

En el caso de los Coronavirus, como el virus SARS-CoV-2 de la pandemia COVID-2019, tienen una envoltura que son de \u00e1cidos grasos. Los jabones y desinfectantes logran degradar las grasas, de manera que inactivan al virus, ya que necesita esta membrana para poder ingresar a sus c\u00e9lulas hu\u00e9sped. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

La creaci\u00f3n de las vacunas<\/strong> ha permitido que se puedan controlar o incluso erradicar enfermedades virales, como es el caso de la viruela. Al recibir una vacuna, se genera inmunidad para protegernos de una infecci\u00f3n viral.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Actualmente tenemos vacunas efectivas y seguras como la de poliomielitis, la triple viral, contra varicela, rotavirus, hepatitis A y B, contra algunos subtipos del papiloma humano, la rabia, fiebre amarilla, dengue y contra la influenza. Adem\u00e1s, existen f\u00e1rmacos que ayudan a interrumpir el ciclo de su replicaci\u00f3n, como aquellos que son empleados para tratar a las personas infectadas con VIH, Influenza, Herpes, entre los m\u00e1s importantes. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

En general, al replicarse los virus incorporan algunas mutaciones, pero aquellos que tienen genomas de RNA tienen una alta frecuencia de mutaciones. No obstante, existen algunos mecanismos por lo que algunos de ellos no incorporan todas estas mutaciones (como el virus de sarampi\u00f3n), otros como los coronavirus han incorporado mecanismos de reparaci\u00f3n, pues contienen genomas muy grandes y les permite conservar sus genomas con menos variaci\u00f3n. Sin embrago, algunos virus presentan una importante variaci\u00f3n antig\u00e9nica al replicarse, por estos cambios en los ant\u00edgenos de la superficie viral, como es el caso de la influenza, lo cual conlleva a tener que vacunarnos cada a\u00f1o para generar la inmunidad contra los ant\u00edgenos que han cambiado durante este tiempo, tambi\u00e9n los virus de VIH presentan una variaci\u00f3n antig\u00e9nica importante en algunos de sus ant\u00edgenos, lo que ha dificultado la elaboraci\u00f3n de una vacuna efectiva, entre otras cosas m\u00e1s.<\/s><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Si aprendemos la lecci\u00f3n obtenida con el virus de la viruela, que con campa\u00f1as de vacunaci\u00f3n eficientes se logro erradicar, podemos lograrlo con otros virus. Se espera que pronto se logre encontrar una vacuna eficaz que nos permita controlar la pandemia del COVID-19. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Con informaci\u00f3n de la Doctora Gabriela Garc\u00eda P\u00e9rez, jefa del Laboratorio de Microbiolog\u00eda Molecular, Departamento de Microbiolog\u00eda y Parasitolog\u00eda de la UNAM<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Existen grandes controversias de si un virus puede ser considerado un ser vivo o no. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":10193,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_et_pb_use_builder":"","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[12],"tags":[112,1737,1736,1689,1712,1734,44,1739,1740,1735,1738,46,1594,851],"class_list":["post-10191","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-descubrir","tag-adn","tag-celulas","tag-celulas-huesped","tag-coronavirus","tag-covid19","tag-evolucion","tag-influenza","tag-microbiologia","tag-parasitologia","tag-rna","tag-sars","tag-vacunas","tag-vida","tag-virus"],"acf":false,"yoast_head":"\n\u00bfQu\u00e9 es un virus? 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